Columnar Partitioning and Memory Locality
Unlike traditional row-oriented OLTP stores, modern OLAP analytical databases arrange consecutive values of the same attribute contiguously in physical storage blocks.
This layout drastically maximizes CPU L1/L2 cache locality, enabling vector processing units to execute filtering and aggregation queries at memory bus line rates.
SIMD-Accelerated Bit-Packing and Run-Length Encoding
By combining Run-Length Encoding (RLE) with Bit-Packing and Frame-of-Reference (FoR) compression, columnar storage engines achieve 5x to 10x compression ratios while retaining direct query execution capabilities without decompressing full blocks into host memory.